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19th Century Used

French literature of the nineteenth century is, for the purpose of this article, literature written in French from (roughly) 1799 to 1900. Many of the developments in French literature in this period parallel changes in the visual arts. For more on this, see French art of the 19th century. more...

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The period covered spans the following political regimes: Napoleon Bonaparte's Consulate (1799-1804) and Empire (1804-1814), the Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X (1814-1830), the July Monarchy under Louis Philippe d'Orléans (1830-1848), the Second Republic (1848-1852), the Second Empire under Napoleon III (1852-1871), and the first decades of the Third Republic (1871-1940). For more on French history, see History of France.

Prominent trends

Note: the use of the terms "realism", "symbolism", "naturalism", etc. in this article is highly problematical. (1) The sections below do not imply a strict chronology: in the last half of the century, "naturalism", "parnassian" poetry and "symbolism", etc. were often competing tendencies at the same historical moment. (2) While some writers did form into literary groups defined by a name and a program or manifesto, in some cases these expressions were merely pejorative terms given by critics to certain writers or have been used by modern literary historians to group writers of wildly different projects or methods. Nevertheless, these labels can be useful in describing broad historical developments in the arts. Readers are cautioned to treat such labels with discretion however.

Romanticism

French literature from the first half of the century was dominated by Romanticism -- associated with such authors as Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, père, François-René de Chateaubriand, Alphonse de Lamartine, Gérard de Nerval, Charles Nodier, Alfred de Musset, Théophile Gautier and Alfred Vigny -- and their revolutionary work in all genres (theater, poetry, prose fiction). The effect of the romantic movement would continue to be felt in the latter half of the century in wildly diverse literary developments, such as "realism", "symbolism", and the so-called fin de siècle "decadent" movement (see below).

French romanticism is a highly eclectic phenomenon. It includes an interest in the historical novel, the romance, traditional myths (and nationalism) and the "roman noir" (or Gothic novel), lyricism, sentimentalism, descriptions of the natural world (such as elegies by lakes) and the common man, exoticism and orientalism, and the myth of the romantic hero. Foreign influences played a big part in this, especially those of Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott, Byron, Goethe, and Friedrich Schiller. French Romanticism had ideals diametrically opposed to French classicism and the classical unities (see French literature of the 17th century), but it could also express a profound loss for aspects of the pre-revolutionary world in a society now dominated by money and fame, rather than honor.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


#95 Jefferson "F Grill" $875.00 £16.66 1882 & 1890 full used sets inc 90c orange Cv £100+ £3.29
Seven Cent Stanton Vermillion £1.21 Usa. 1861 #70 24c Washington Vfu Red cancel £4.99
Usa. 1861 #69 12c Washington Vfu £1.99 Stamp - Usa Washington 2 Dollar Conveyance Stamp c.1860 £1.24
Stamp - Usa Paddle Steamer Adriatic 12C Green 1869 £1.45 Stamp - Usa Washington Ten Cents Green 1857 £2.01
Stamp - Usa Alexander Hamilton Thirty Cents Brown 1870 £1.70 Stamp - Usa Washington Twelve Cents Black 1861 £2.00
Stamp - Usa Washington Twenty Four Cents Lilac 1861 £3.20 Stamp - Usa Andrew Jackson Two Cents Black 1861 £2.00
Stamp - Usa Franklin One Cent Blue 1851 £6.60 Classic Usa stamp, 24c Grey Used 1861, Washington £3.00
Columbians 7 Different 230/239 $50.00 £2.34 Usa 1898 Trans Mississipi Exposition 7 values £24.99
Usa 1893 Columbian Exposition Chicago 1c to 30c 10 vals £24.99 Usa 1861 12c Washington (used with grill perf 12) £14.99
Usa 1861 12c Washington (4 used perf 12) £20.00 Usa 1861 15c Lincoln (2 used perf 12) £20.00
Usa 1861 30c Franklin (used perf 12) £10.00 Us Stamps: A Selection of Old Us Stamps. High Value £1.20
Us Stamps: A Selection of Old Us Stamps £13.50 19th Century Stamps 21 Diff, 205/290 Value $100.00 £3.00
Usa 1886 3c+2c Boston to Gansboro £9.99 19th Century Stamps 7 Diff, 182/190 Value $190 £4.85
19th Century 9 Diff Includes Perry 159/179 Val $600.00 £8.61 1898 Trans Mississippi issues £2.99
1890 30c Black Jefferson. No triangles. Getting Rarer £3.20 1851 3c Red Washington. Imperf. Getting Rarer. £2.20
Usa 1861 5c Jefferson (2 used perf 12) £14.99 Usa 1861 2c Jackson (used perf 12) £3.00
Usa 1857 3c Washington (6 used perf 15) £2.00 Usa 1857 1c blue Franklin (2 used perf 15) £7.00
Usa 1857 10c green Washington (used perf 15) £7.50 1870 6c Red Lincoln £1.70
Usa 1857 12c black Washington (2 used copies perf 15) £20.00 Usa 1861 1c Franklin (7 used copies, inc 3 pairs) £14.00
Usa 1861 3c Washington (28 used copies) £3.00 19th Century Stamps 7 Diff, 145-151 Value $400.00+ £8.61
1870 12c Purple Henry Clay Gd to Fn Heavy Postmark Rare £3.99 1861 3c Red Washington £1.49
Usa 1873 Sc:163 , 15c. canc. £23.00 Usa 1857-61 Sc:25 , Mi:9 I, 3 cent, canc. £10.00
United States 1893 Columbian Exposition Stamps Cat £.21 £0.99 United States 1893 Columbus Cat £8.50 £2.00
Usa; 1861 perf Washington 3c. used, value £1.61 Usa 3 Nice Old Stamps Nr £1.49
Usa; 1857 perf Washington 3c. used £2.15 Usa 1882, 5 cents,James Garfield,Brown & Blue High Cv, £1.99
Usa 1883 2 x 4 Cents, red & green £1.99 Usa 1893, Columbus 10 Cents High Cv £1.99
Usa; 1861 Perf 12 issue, no grill, Washington 3c. used £3.23 Usa; 1869 issue 3c. locomotive used value, grill £3.23
Usa; 1869 issue 3c. locomotive used value £3.23 United States 1875 1St National Bank Of Dover Cheque £4.99
Usa; 1869 Perf 12 issue, + Grill, 3c. Locomotive used £4.30 Usa ,3 stamps from 1898, High Cv £3.99
Usa ,6 Cents 1870, High Cv £3.99 Usa; 1861 perf Franklin 1c. used £4.84
Usa; 1890s issues mixed used lot on album page £4.84 Usa 1870-71, 10 Cents, Jefferson, High Cv, £4.95
Usa 1851 Washington 3 Cents,imperf,, High Cv £4.99 Usa 1851 Washington 3 Cents, High Cv £4.99
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